Immune Fx
References and Research Articles
GANODERMA LUCIDUM (REISHI)
Chem
Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2000 Jul; 48(7):1026-33
Triterpenes from the spores of G7anoderma lucidum and
their cytotoxicity against meth-A and LLC tumor cells.
Min BS, Gao JJ, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Institute of
Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical
University, Japan.
Six new highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenes,
called ganoderic acid gamma (1), ganoderic acid delta
(2), ganoderic acid epsilon (3), ganoderic acid zeta
(4), ganoderic acid eta (5) and ganoderic acid theta
(6), were isolated from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum,
together with known ganolucidic acid D (7) and ganoderic
acid C2 (8). Their structures of the new triterpenes
were determined as (23S)-7beta,15alpha,23-trihydroxy-3,11-dioxolanosta-8,24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (1), (23S)-7alpha,15alpha23-trihydroxy-3,11-dioxolanosta-8,24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (2), (23S)-3beta3,7beta, 23-trihydroxy-11,15-dioxolanosta-8,24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (3), (23S)-3beta,23-dihydroxy-7,11,15-trioxolanosta-8,
24(E)-diene-26-oic acid (4), (23S)-3beta,7beta,12beta,23-tetrahydroxy-11,15-dioxolanosta-8,24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (5) and (23S)-3beta,12beta23-trihydroxy-7,11,15-trioxolanosta-8,24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (6), respectively, by chemical and spectroscopic
means, which included the determination of a chiral
center in the side chain by a modification of Mosher's
method. The cytotoxicity of the compounds isolated from
the Ganoderma spores was carried out in vitro against
Meth-A and LLC tumor cell lines. PMID: 10923835, UI:
20378357
Enzyme Microb Technol 2000 Aug 1; 27(3-5):295-301
Effect of fatty acids on the mycelial growth and polysaccharide formation by Ganoderma lucidum
in shake flask cultures.
Yang F, Ke Y, Kuo S, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tunghai University, 40704, Taichung,
Taiwan, People's Republic of China
Fatty acids were added into the media to investigate their effects on the mycelial growth
and polysaccharide formation by Ganoderma lucidum. The experiments were carried out in freely
suspended cultures or immobilized cultures using shake flasks. The results indicate that
the extent of stimulation or inhibition were associated with the types and levels of fatty
acids. Oleic acid at the level of 0.15 g/100 ml led to a significant increase in cell concentration
from 0.20 to 0.46 g/100 ml in a suspended culture and palmitic acid was of great advantage
to polysaccharide production. In contrast, linoleic acid (0.1 g/100 ml) drastically suppressed
both mycelial growth and polysaccharide formation. In immobilized cultures with fatty acids,
the stimulation of mycelial growth remained the same level, but the enhancement of polysaccharide
production became less. In addition, the growth of G. lucidum in the pattern of immobilization
might be beneficial to the production of mycelia and polysaccharide. PMID: 10899556
J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2000 Mar-Apr; 10(2):83-9
Ganoderma lucidum: partial characterization of spore and whole body antigenic extracts.
Gupta SK, Pereira BM, Singh AB, Centre for Biochemical Technology, Delhi, India.
This study focused on the characterization of antigenic/ allergenic profiles of Ganoderma
lucidum spore and whole body preparations. Whole body G. lucidum contained higher protein
to carbohydrate ratio whereas it was less than one for spore extract. Isoelectric focusing
showed 12 and 11 bands in acidic pH range (pI 3.5-6.5) for G. lucidum spore and whole body,
respectively, while SDS-PAGE showed 8 and 23 fractions, respectively, in molecular weight
range of 12.8-75.0 kD. The prominent protein fractions of G. lucidum spores were 19.4, 22.8
and 23.8 kD, whereas for G. lucidum whole body, 13.2, 14.7, 18. 7, 21.5 and 23.5 constituted
major fractions. Immunoblotting with 41 individual serum samples revealed 21.8, 23.8, 19.4
and 20.0 kD to be major allergenic protein fractions of G. lucidum spores. The same using
G. lucidum whole body and 26 individual serum samples identified several fractions of 17.0,
17.5, 18.5, 22.0, 23.8, 42.0, 44.0, 56.0 and 69.0 kD as major allergens. The compiled data
suggest that there are common as well as specific allergenic components in two G. lucidum
extracts studied. PMID: 10879995, UI: 20336342
Z Naturforsch [C] 2000 Mar-Apr; 55(3-4):180-8
Comparison of headspace techniques for sampling volatile natural products in a dynamic system.
Faldt J, Eriksson M, Valterova I, Borg-Karlson AK, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry,
Ecological Chemistry, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden. [Medline record in process]
Commonly used dynamic sorption techniques for collecting biologically active volatile
compounds have been compared. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) using two types of fibers
(polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS, 100 microm, and carbowax/divinylbenzene, CW/DVB, 65 microm)
was compared to purge and trap methods (Porapak Q, Tenax TA and charcoal) and a technique
based on absorption in methanol in a cooling bath. Sampling was done in a stream of purified
air (20 ml/min) in a closed and temperature-regulated (27 degrees C) glass tube, passing
over a capillary tube containing a hexane solution of tridecane, heptadecane, 1-octen-3-ol,
1-hexadecanol, ethyl tetradecanoate, alpha-pinene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, cis-verbenol,
verbenone, beta-caryophyllene, E,E-farnesol, and geranylgeraniol. With all of the methods,
the sampling was performed for a period of 30 min before extraction and analysis was done
on a GC-FID system. In general, SPME gave a higher response for all compounds except for
alpha-pinene, which was only extracted by the CW/DVB fiber. Purge and trap methods and methanol
absorption gave the same response for all substances extracted. None of the methods extracted
hexadecanol and geranylgeraniol under the conditions used. However, the SPME equipped with
the PDMS coating extracted heptadecane, E,E-farnesol and ethyl tetradecanoate. Our results
show that SPME, when selecting the fibers to fit the polarity and volatility of the compounds,
is an outstanding extraction method compared to purge and trap and methanol absorption,
especially for a qualitative analysis. The best conditions for storing fibers exposed to
compounds of high volatility were at low temperatures (6 degrees C) in sealed vials, while
the worst way was to leave the exposed fiber unprotected at room temperature (22 degrees
C). The dynamic sampling system was effectively tested on a fruiting body of a polypore
fungus (Ganoderma applanatum) emitting 1-octen-3-ol, and again SPME showed to be the most
sensitive technique. PMID: 10817206, UI: 20274907
Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 1999; 42(4):123-5
Anti-inflammatory triterpenoids from mysterious mushroom Ganoderma lucidum and their potential
possibility in modern medicine.
Patocka J, Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove.
Ganoderma lucidum, a mushroom long used in the East for a broad range of disorders, contains
numerous pharmacologically active compounds. Very important of them are highly oxygenated
anti-inflammatory triterpenes, which are the aim of this mini-review. PMID: 10812678, UI:
20272558
J Nat Prod 2000 Apr; 63(4):514-6
New lanostanoids of Ganoderma tsugae.
Su HJ, Fann YF, Chung MI, Won SJ, Lin CN, School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807, Republic of China.
Three new compounds, (24R, S)-3alpha-acetoxy-24-hydroxy-5alpha-lanosta-8,25-di en-21-oic
acid, named tsugaric acid C (1); 3alpha-acetoxy-5alpha-lanosta-8, 24-diene-21-O-beta-D-xyloside,
named tsugarioside B (2); and 3alpha-acetoxy-(Z)-24-methyl-5alpha-lanosta-8,23,25-tr ien-21-oic
acid ester beta-D-xyloside, named tsugarioside C (3), and a mixture of two known steroids
were isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma tsugae. The structures of 1-3 were determined
by spectral and chemical methods. The cytotoxic activity of the lanostanoid constituents
of this fungus was evaluated against several different cancer cell lines. PMID: 10785428,
UI: 20249189
J Nat Prod 2000 Mar; 63(3):416-8
Ganomycins A and B, new antimicrobial farnesyl hydroquinones from the basidiomycete Ganoderma
pfeifferi.
Mothana RA, Jansen R, Julich WD, Lindequist U, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical
Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
Two new farnesyl hydroquinones named ganomycin A (1) and ganomycin B (2) were isolated
from Ganoderma pfeifferi, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
Both carboxylic acids exhibit antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria. PMID: 10757736, UI: 20221489
Food Chem Toxicol 2000 Feb-Mar; 38(2-3):173-8
Nutritional value of ganoderma extract and assessment of its genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity
using comet assays of mouse lymphocytes.
Chiu SW, Wang ZM, Leung TM, Moore D, Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China.
The nutritive composition of a hot aqueous extract of wild Ganoderma fruit bodies was
determined. This extract was assessed for cytotoxicity and in vivo genotoxicity by both
acute and subchronic exposure of mice (given by mouth at a dose equivalent to extract of
220g fresh Ganoderma fruit body/kg body weight). To test any alleged protection against
mutagens by Ganoderma treatments, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with the radiomimetic
mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and after 24hr of treatment their lymphocytes were
examined using the comet assay. Ganoderma extract consisted of Folin-positive material (68.9%
of dry weight), but protein comprised only 7.3% of dry weight. Glucose accounted for 11.
1% and metals 10.2% of dry weight (K, Mg and Ca being the major components with Ge (often
touted as being of value in sales literature for Ganoderma preparations) having the fifth
highest metal concentration at 489 microg/g). In comparison to rodent chow, Ganoderma extract
was a modest dietary supplement. No evidence was found for genotoxic chromosomal breakage
nor cytotoxic effects by Ganoderma extract in the mouse, nor did it protect against the
effects of ethyl methanesulfonate. We found no support in this study for the extract having
any value in protecting against the test mutagen.
PMID: 10717357, UI: 20183650
J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999 Nov; 21(2):407-13
Discrimination of herbal medicines according to geographical origin with near infrared reflectance
spectroscopy and pattern recognition techniques.
Woo YA, Kim HJ, Cho JH, Chung H, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul,
South Korea.
Herbal medicines have an important role in clinical therapy in Asian countries such as
Korea, Japan, and China. The objective of this study is to develop a nondestructive and
accurate analytical method to discriminate herbal medicines according to geographical origin.
Even though they are the same species, their qualities are different by growing conditions
such as climate and soil. Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy and a pattern recognition
technique were applied for discrimination of herbal medicines according to geographical
origin (Korea and China). Astragali Radix (AR), Ganoderma, and Smilacis Rhizoma (SR) were
examined. It is shown that the representative NIR reflectance spectra in each group are
different according to geographical origin after second derivatization to enhance spectral
features. Also, the NIR reflectance spectra of Chinese and Korean samples were differentiated
using principal component (PC) score plots. To establish the discrimination rule, Mahalanobis
distance and discriminant analysis with PLS2 were utilized. PMID: 10703997, UI: 20166763
Wei Sheng Yen Chiu 1998 Jul; 27(4):283-4
[Study on certified reference material of germanium in Ganoderma lucidum].
[Article in Chinese] Lu L, Qian Y, Hu Z, Ye Y, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou,
China.
Analytical reference material of Ge in Ganoderma lucidum is designed and prepared for
accurete analysis, monitoration and evaluation in trades of farming, forestry, medicine
and food hygiene for Ge. It is used in technical training, technical assessing, monitoring,
data arbitrating and analytic method verifing for professional supervisors. This reference
material has been certified by graphitic oven atomic absorption spectrometry, hydride spectrophotometry,
polarography, chemical separation spectrophotometry, atomic fluorescence method and x-ray
fluorescence method. According to Grubb's law to judge the data of each group, it is confirmed
that all of seven groups certified crude data are normal distribution by checking normality
D. The arithmatic mean value of all data is 0.38 microgram/g. Standard deviation is 0.08
microgram/g. PMID: 10682605, UI: 20147186
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 889:157-92 Update from Asia.
Asian studies on cancer chemoprevention.
Yun TK, Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
In Asia, nontoxic dietary products are considered desirable primary prevention vehicles
for conquering cancer. As early as 1978, investigators in Korea carried out extensive long-term
anticarcinogenicity experiments using the mouse lung tumor model and observed an anticarcinogenic
effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer extract in 1980. The results showed that natural products
can provide hope for human cancer prevention. A newly established nine-week medium-term
model using mouse lung tumors (Yun's model) could confirm the anticarcinogenicity of ginseng
that varies according to its type and age. Subsequently, the ginseng was shown by epidemiological
studies to be a nonorgan-specific cancer preventive agent associated with a dose-response
relationship. The anticarcinogenic effects of vegetarian foods common at every dining table
in Korea and some synthetics were also studied using Yun's nine-week model. In brief, ascorbic
acid, soybean lecithin, capsaicin, biochanin A, Ganoderma lucidum, caffeine, and a novel
synthetic 2-(allylthio)pyrazine decrease the incidence of mouse lung tumors, whereas fresh
ginseng (4 years old), carrot, spinach, Sesamum indicum, beta-carotene, and 13-cis retinoic
acid do not. This result regarding beta-carotene is consistent with the ineffective findings
of the ATBC trial, the CARET trial, and the Physicians' Health Study. In 1983, a cancer
chemoprevention study group was first established in Japan. Subsequently, (-)-epigallocatechin
gallate, cryptoporic acid E, and sarcophytol A from natural products, and synthetic acyclic
retinoid and canventol were shown to be anticarcinogenic or chemopreventive in human subjects.
Despite the frequent consumption of tea wordwide as a beverage and current experimental
evidence of anticarcinogenesis, including controversial results of epidemiological studies,
more systematic clinical trials for confirmation of preventive activity of tea against cancer
are needed. Placebo-controlled intervention trials of dietary fiber are under study in Japan.
In the past decade, new triterpenoids were isolated from various natural sources, and its
biological activities were investigated in Asia. In the late 1970s a comprehensive chemoprevention
program was established at the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.
Since then, many retinoid compounds have been synthesized and screened in the search for
chemopreventive cancer agents. The National Cancer Institute (USA) and China are jointly
engaged in the two-nutrition intervention in Linxian, China. The results of joint study
of the general population and of dysplasia in China should stimulate further research to
clarify the potential benefits of micronutrient supplements. We need to clarify if there
is a connection between the lower rates of cancer mortality in Korea and the frequent consumption
of anticarcinogenic vegetables or traditional foods, including ginseng and Ganoderma lucidum.
The constituents of the nontoxic stable dietary products promise to be the future hope for
conquering cancers in the coming years. Publication Types: Review, tutorial, PMID: 10668493,
UI: 20133672
J Ethnopharmacol 1999 Dec 15; 68(1-3):175-81
Antiherpetic activities of various protein bound polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma
lucidum.
Eo SK, Kim YS, Lee CK, Han SS, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju,
South Korea.
To investigate antiherpetic substances from Ganoderma lucidum, various protein bound polysaccharides,
GLhw, GLhw-01, GLhw-02, GLhw-03, were isolated by activity-guided isolation from water soluble
substances of the carpophores. These substances were examined for their antiviral activities
against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) by plaque reduction assay
in vitro. Among them, the acidic protein bound polysaccharide, GLhw-02 of a brownish substance,
exhibited the most potent antherpetic activity with 50% effective concentrations (EC50)
of 300 approximately 520 microg/ml in Vero and HEp-2 cells, and its selectivity indices
(SI) were more than 20. GLhw-02 was identified to consist mainly of polysaccharide (approximately
40.6%) and protein (approximately 7.80%) by anthrone test and Lowry-Folin test, and showed
the usual molar ratio (C:H:O = 1:2:1) of carbohydrates by elemental analysis. These results
suggest that GLhw-02 possesses the possibility of being developed from a new antiherpetic
agent. PMID: 10624876, UI: 20088214
J Ethnopharmacol 1999 Dec 15; 68(1-3):129-36
Antiviral activities of various water and methanol soluble substances isolated from Ganoderma
lucidum.
Eo SK, Kim YS, Lee CK, Han SS, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju,
South Korea.
In order to find antiviral substances from basidiomycetes, two water soluble substances,
GLhw and GLlw, and eight methanol soluble substances, GLMe-1-8, were prepared from carpophores
of Ganoderma lucidum. These substances were examined for their activities against five strains
of pathogenic viruses such as herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), influenza
A virus (Flu A) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) Indiana and New Jersey strains in vitro.
Antiviral activities were evaluated by the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay and
plaque reduction assay. Five substances, GLhw, GLMe-1, -2, -4 and -7 significantly inhibited
the cytopathic effects of HSV and VSV. In the plaque reduction assay, GLhw inhibited plaque
formation of HSV-2 with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of 590 and 580 microg/ml in
Vero and HEp-2 cells, and its selectivity indices (SI) were 13.32 and 16.26. GLMe-4 did
not exhibit cytotoxicity up to 1000 microg/ml, while it exhibited potent antiviral activity
on the VSV New Jersey strain with an SI of more than 5.43. These results indicate the possibility
of development of antiviral agents from basidiomycetous fungi. PMID: 10624872, UI: 20088210
Appl Environ Microbiol 1999 Dec; 65(12):5307-13
Lignin-modifying enzymes of the white rot basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum.
D'Souza TM, Merritt CS, Reddy CA, Department of Microbiology and NSF Center for Microbial
Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1101, USA.
Ganoderma lucidum, a white rot basidiomycete widely distributed worldwide, was studied
for the production of the lignin-modifying enzymes laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase
(MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP). Laccase levels observed in high-nitrogen (HN; 24 mM
N) shaken cultures were much greater than those seen in low-nitrogen (2.4 mM N), malt extract,
or wood-grown cultures and those reported for most other white rot fungi to date. Laccase
production was readily seen in cultures grown with pine or poplar (100-mesh-size ground
wood) as the sole carbon and energy source. Cultures containing both pine and poplar showed
5- to 10-fold-higher levels of laccase than cultures containing pine or poplar alone. Since
syringyl units are structural components important in poplar lignin and other hardwoods
but much less so in pine lignin and other softwoods, pine cultures were supplemented with
syringic acid, and this resulted in laccase levels comparable to those seen in pine-plus-poplar
cultures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of concentrated extracellular
culture fluid from HN cultures showed two laccase activity bands (M(r) of 40,000 and 66,
000), whereas isoelectric focusing revealed five major laccase activity bands with estimated
pIs of 3.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.8, and 5.1. Low levels of MnP activity (approximately 100 U/liter)
were detected in poplar-grown cultures but not in cultures grown with pine, with pine plus
syringic acid, or in HN medium. No LiP activity was seen in any of the media tested; however,
probing the genomic DNA with the LiP cDNA (CLG4) from the white rot fungus Phanerochaete
chrysosporium showed distinct hybridization bands suggesting the presence of lip-like sequences
in G. lucidum. PMID: 10583981, UI: 20049962
Arch Pharm Res 1999 Oct; 22(5):515-9
Characterization of an alkali-extracted peptidoglycan from Korean Ganoderma lucidum.
Cheong J, Jung W, Park W, IlYang Central Research Institute, Yongin, Kyungki, Korea.
The biologically active peptidoglycan was purified from the alkali fraction of the fruiting
bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and the composition of the peptidoglycan was investigated by
conventional analyses. The alkali-extracted peptidoglycan showed differences in chemical
compositions from the water-extracted. The alkali-extracted peptidoglycan contained 6.9%
protein and 75.9% carbohydrates composed mainly of beta-glucose, mannose, and alpha-glucose.
The molecular weight range of the peptidoglycan was determined as 2,000 kDa-17 kDa. The
peptidoglycan is considered to be a hybrid molecule of polysaccharide chains covalently
bound as a side chain to the polypeptide core. PMID: 10549581, UI: 20015774
Bioorg Med Chem 1999 Sep; 7(9):2047-52
Lucidenic acid O and lactone, new terpene inhibitors of eukaryotic DNA polymerases from
a basidiomycete, Ganoderma lucidum.
Mizushina Y, Takahashi N, Hanashima L, Koshino H, Esumi Y, Uzawa J, Sugawara F, Sakaguchi
K, Department of Applied Biological Science, Science University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
Terpenoids, 1, 2 and 3, which selectively inhibit eukaryotic DNA polymerase activities,
were isolated from the fruiting body of a basidiomycete, Ganoderma lucidum, and their structures
were determined by spectroscopic analyses. New terpenes, lucidenic acid O (1) and lucidenic
lactone (2), prevented not only the activities of calf DNA polymerase alpha and rat DNA
polymerase beta, but also these of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.
Cerevisterol (3), which was reported to be a cytotoxic steroid, inhibited only the activity
of DNA polymerase alpha. Although these compounds did not influence the activities of prokaryotic
DNA polymerases and other DNA metabolic enzymes such as T7 RNA polymerase and deoxyribonuclease
I. PMID: 10530954, UI: 99458537
Phytother Res 1999 Sep; 13(6):529-31
Triterpene antioxidants from ganoderma lucidum.
Zhu M, Chang Q, Wong LK, Chong FS, Li RC, Department of Pharmacy, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
Ganoderma lucidum was studied for its antioxidative activity by bioassay guided isolation
in conjunction with in vitro tests. The powdered crude drug was treated with boiling water
and the aqueous extract (Ex1) was further separated to obtain terpene and polysaccharide
fractions. The two fractions and Ex1 were screened for their antioxidative effect against
pyrogallol induced erythrocyte membrane oxidation and Fe (II)-ascorbic acid induced lipid
peroxidation. All tested samples showed antioxidative activities in a dose dependent manner
and the terpene fraction was found to possess the highest effect compared with the others.
Chemical isolation of the terpene fraction resulted in the detection of ganoderic acids
A, B, C and D, lucidenic acid B and ganodermanontriol as major ingredients. Copyright 1999
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PMID: 10479768, UI: 99410720
Z Naturforsch [C] 1999 May-Jun; 54(5-6):314-8
Molecular characterization and taxonomic affinities of species of the white rot fungus Ganoderma.
Sokol S, Kaldorf M, Bothe H, Uniwersytet Slaski, Katedra Botaniki, Systematycznej, Katowice,
Poland.
The systematic affinities of Ganoderma have largely been resolved in the extensive publications
of Moncalvo and coworkers (Moncalvo et al., 1995a, b; Hseu et al., 1996). The present communication
adds further sequences of the ITS1 region of Ganoderma isolates from Poland and corrects
some of the classifications of Ganoderma species. The sequence data indicate that G. australe
and G. adspersum are different species. Both morphological and molecular data are in accord
with an interspecific separation of G. pfeifferi and G. resinaceum. The ITS1 region is particularly
suited for the taxonomic segregation of Ganoderma by molecular methods. PMID: 10431384,
UI: 99360053
Carcinogenesis 1999 Aug; 20(8):1637-40
In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis miller, Lentinus
edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor).
Kim HS, Kacew S, Lee BM, Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University,
Changan-ku, Chunchun-dong, Kyunggi-do, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
A plant polysaccharide, Aloe gel extract, was reported to have
an inhibitory effect on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-DNA adduct
formation in vitro and in vivo. Hence, chemopreventive
effects of plant polysaccharides [Aloe barbadensis Miller
(APS), Lentinus edodes (LPS), Ganoderma lucidum (GPS)
and Coriolus versicolor (CPS)] were compared using in
vitro short-term screening methods associated with both
initiation and promotion processes in carcinogenesis.
In B[a]P-DNA adduct formation, APS (180 micrograms/ml)
was the most effective in inhibition of B[a]P binding
to DNA in mouse liver cells. Oxidative DNA damage (by
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) was significantly decreased
by APS (180 micrograms/ml) and CPS (180 micrograms/ml).
In induction of glutathione S-transferase activity,
GPS was found to be the most effective among plant polysaccharides.
In screening anti-tumor promoting effects, APS (180
micrograms/ml) significantly inhibited phorbol myristic
acetate (PMA)-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity
in Balb/3T3 cells. In addition, APS significantly inhibited
PMA-induced tyrosine kinase activity in human leukemic
cells. APS and CPS significantly inhibited superoxide
anion formation. These results suggest that some plant
polysaccharides produced both anti-genotoxic and anti-tumor
promoting activities in in vitro models and, therefore,
might be considered as potential agents for cancer chemoprevention.
PMID: 10426820, UI: 99355758
Lakshmi B, Ajith TA, Sheena N, Gunapalan N, Janardhanan
KK., Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 2003;23 Suppl 1:85-97
Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic
activities of ethanol extract of the mycelium of Ganoderma
lucidum occurring in South India.
Free radical mediated genetic instability is widely
thought to be a major etiological factor for initiation
of carcinogenesis. Mushrooms represent a largely untapped
source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. In the
present study, we examined the antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory,
and antimutagenic activities of the ethanol extract
of the mycelium of a medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum,
occurring in south India. Antiperoxidative activity
was evaluated using Fe(2+)-ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation
in rat liver homogenate and a phorbol ester (croton
oil)-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse skin. Antiinflammatory
activity was evaluated against carrageenan-induced acute
and formalin-induced chronic inflammatory paw edema
in mouse and phorbol ester-induced mouse skin inflammation.
Antimutagenic activity was determined by the Ames mutagenicity
assay using histidine mutant of Salmonella typhimurium
strains TA 98, TA100, and TA102. Sodium azide (NaN(3)),
N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine
(NPD), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) were used as the mutagens.
The extract showed significant inhibition of Fe(2+)-induced
peroxidation of lipid in rat liver (IC(50) 510 +/- 22
micro g/ml) and 37% inhibition of croton oil-induced
peroxidation on the mouse skin at 20 mg/0.1 ml/skin.
Carrageenan-induced acute and formalin-induced chronic
inflammatory edema were inhibited by 56 and 60%, respectively,
by the extract at 1,000 mg/kg body wt (i.p). The extract
at a concentration of 5 mg/plate showed inhibition of
mutagenicity elicited by direct acting mutagens, NaN(3)
(55.5 and 75.7%) and MNNG (50.0 and 57.5%) for S. typhymurium
strains TA100 and TA102, respectively. The extract at
the same concentration also inhibited mutagenicity elicited
by NPD (52.4 and 64.2%) and B[a]P (60.7 and 59.6%) for
TA98 and TA100 strains, respectively. The B[a]P was
activated in the presence of rat liver microsomal (S9)
fraction. The results of our study revealed that ethanol
extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium possessed significant
antiperoxidative, antiinflammatory, and antimutagenic
activities. The findings suggest a medicinal use for
the ethanol extract of the mycelium of G. lucidum occurring
in South India. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. Suppl.
1:85-97, 2003. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID:
12616600 [PubMed - in process]
Lin SB, Li CH, Lee SS, Kan LS., Life Sci 2003 Apr 11;72(21):2381-90
Triterpene-enriched extracts from Ganoderma lucidum
inhibit growth of hepatoma cells via suppressing protein
kinase C, activating mitogen-activated protein kinases
and G2-phase cell cycle arrest.
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum)
has been used in the Orient for the prevention and treatment
of various diseases including cancer. Except for the
immune enhancing properties of its polysaccharide constituent,
very little is known about the anticancer activity of
another major constituent, triterpenes. In this report,
we studied the anticancer mechanism of triterpene-enriched
extracts from G. lucidum. The triterpene-enriched fraction,
WEES-G6, was prepared from mycelia of G. lucidum by
sequential hot water extraction, removal of ethanol-insoluble
polysaccharides and then gel-filtration chromatography.
We found that WEES-G6 inhibited growth of human hepatoma
Huh-7 cells, but not Chang liver cells, a normal human
liver cell line. Treatment with WEES-G6 caused a rapid
decrease in the activity of cell growth regulative protein,
PKC, and the activation of JNK and p38 MAP kinases.
The changes in these molecules resulted in a prolonged
G2 cell cycle phase and strong growth inhibition. None
of these effects were seen in the normal liver cells.
Our findings suggest that the triterpenes contained
in G. lucidum are potential anticancer agents. PMID:
12639703 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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